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Teeny , single - cellular telephone creatures floating in the sea may be the first organisms ever support to eat virus .
scientist scooped up the organism , known asprotists , from the surface waters of the Gulf of Maine and the Mediterranean Sea off the glide of Catalonia , Spain . They determine a slew of viralDNAassociated with two diverse group of protists , called choanozoans and picozoans ; the same DNA chronological sequence cropped up in many members of the two groups , despite some of these single - cellphone organism not being close related .
Sampled seawater from the Gulf of Maine
" It would be like organisms as distantly related as trees and humans , or even more distantly come to than that , " said lead author Julia Brown , a bioinformatician at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine . " It ’s very , very unlikely that thosevirusesare up to of infect all the organisms we found them in . " After black market a number of mental testing , Brown and her fellow worker reason that the protists belike eat the virus as food , rather than picking them up by chance or being infect by them . The team says their findings , published online today ( Sep. 24 ) in the journalFrontiers in Microbiology , could reshape how we think about the intact ocean solid food web , the connection of who - chow - who that touch base everything from petite bacterium to plants toblue whales .
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However , one expert told Live Science that the subject area does n’t conclusively show that the protists actually ate the virus .
Example of a picozoan cell
" The detection of viral sequences in … cell alone can scarce answer the interrogation of how these virus particles entered the cell , " Christian Griebler , a fresh water microbic ecologist at the University of Vienna , who was not demand in the survey , state in an email . More workplace will be needed to show how and whether these protist bolt up viruses , and if so , how much victuals they advance from these microscopical snacks , he say .
A new node in the food web?
Protists that have a nucleus to obligate their desoxyribonucleic acid , known aseukaryotes , have been show to take up viral desoxyribonucleic acid in the past , Griebler noted . However , scientist do n’t sleep with much about how the cell take in the viruses in the first place , he say . Protists that filter provender may lactate in loose - floating viruses from the wall water , or they may take up viruses that jerk a ride on other tiny particles of affair in the ocean . In add-on , virus name bacteriophage infectbacterial cellphone , and protist that corrode bacteria may inadvertently take in those viruses , he sum up .
But a big question remains as to how significant a food source viruses may be to the protists that can ingest them , Brown said .
The modest number of preceding study on protist consumption of virus take on position in ensure laboratory options , " but these [ protist ] isolates did not represent what ’s abundant in the ocean , and there were no conclusions made as to how relevant it is to what happens out in the real cosmos , " senior author Ramunas Stepanauskas , a senior research scientist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , told Live Science . To find real - world evidence of protists eat computer virus , Stepanauskas and his squad took to the open sea .
In all , the team collected almost 1,700 individual protistan from the Gulf of Maine and the Mediterranean Sea ; they trance cells belonging to more than 10 dissimilar group of protists , although choanozoans and picozoans primarily appear in water samples from the Gulf of Maine . The team then sent the water sample through an official document call a catamenia cytometer , which sort any cells float in the water ground on their strong-arm characteristics . From there , they analyzed the DNA associate with each grouped cell ; that included the DNA of the cell itself , any microbes stuck to its aerofoil and any organisms snare within the organism .
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This genome collection proficiency " does not discriminate between genomic DNA and any other DNA that ’s already in the cell , so that ’s why we were also able to see viral DNA and any associated bacteria that might be there , " Brown say . Overall , viral DNA appear in about 51 % of the protists from the Gulf of Maine and 35 % of those from the Mediterranean , with most of those viruses being bacteriophages , or viruses that taint bacterium . But within the grouping of choanozoans and picozoans , 100 % of the samples carry viral desoxyribonucleic acid sequences , but little ghost of bacterial DNA , by comparison . This hint that the protists took in the virus , in isolation , rather than by deplete infected bacteria .
" We see … sublime level of virus in these two groups , and consistently across all the members of the group , " specially compared with other protistan , Brown said . Having also ruled out the possibility that all these protistan were being directly infected by virus , the team considered that the virus could either be stuck to the exterior of the cells or accidentally sort with the cells while in the flow cytometer . But they ground that " the degree of viruses that we see in those cell is above the number that would be sorted by accident , " Brown said . The varying level of computer virus between unlike protist group also make it unbelievable that the pathogen stuck to the protistan at random , she summate .
Still some unknowns
Despite these data point , Griebler said that there are still alternate explanation as to how viralDNAended up in protist , including the possibility that the protists consumed infect bacterial cells . To definitively prevail out this possible action , the study source would have to check whether the viral sequences find in protists also seem abundant in bacterial cells , and how often those bacterial cell look in the protists ' cellular bellies , he say . Moreover , if these viruses do represent a food generator , the amount of food viruses provide must still be calculate , Griebler bestow .
" A back - of - the - gasbag calculation expose that a protozoan cell that eat up computer virus particles instead of bacterial cells needs to take up 100 ( or more ) virus particle to get the same amount ofcarbonwhen eating one bacterial cell , " he noted . " It seems very unlikely that protozoa " — eucaryotic protists — " can wrap up their carbon and nutritious demand from a virus diet . "
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That tell , while choanozoans are cognize to consume bacteria , the diet of picozoans remains moderately cryptical . One report , published in 2007 in the journalPLOS ONE , incur that the picozoa alimentation apparatus is too small to capture bacterial cells , but large enough to engross subatomic particle less than 0.000006 inch ( 150 millimicron ) in diam , which could let in viruses . " Picozoa are a really mysterious group of protists in the ocean , " Stepanauskas observe . They can make up to 15 % of a given protist community , especially those in coastal waters , so find out whether or not picozoans devour computer virus could remold our understanding of how nutrient hang through the sea at large , he said .
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" If you aggregate the biomass of nautical protistan or marine viruses , that biomass is much greater than all the giant combined , " Stepanauskas articulate . " The larger being that we see with the naked eye … they completely look on the microscopical organisms " to send nutrients up through the food for thought web .
notice that viruses not only infect cell but could be viewed as a decisive node in the food vane represents " a different way of cerebration , " he added . By eating virus , protistan could send ripple core through the entire marine ecosystem , both by fix the number of viruses available to infect bacterial cells and by shuffle nutrients from viruses to higher levels of the solid food web , Brown read .
in the beginning published on Live Science .
